The House in the Museum Garden: Marcel Breuer, Architect
Paul Rand
Paul Rand: The House in the Museum Garden: Marcel Breuer, Architect. New York: Museum of Modern Art, Spring 1949. Original edition. Printed flyer on laid stock, folded into thirds for mailing as issued. Small tack hole to upper edge, otherwise a fine copy of a rare survivor.
8.5 x 11 flyer designed by Paul Rand announcing hours for the demonstration house designed and built by Marcel Breuer in the Garden at the Museum of Modern Art in the Spring of 1949.
In 1948, the Museum of Modern Art initiated a series of model post-war houses by well-known architects exhibited in the museum's garden. Breuer's house was the inaugural design and was open to the public between April 14 and October 30, 1949. The rectangular volume of the house was clad in vertical cypress boards and topped by a butterfly roof. The children's and guest bedroom, along with a playroom and attached play yard, were located at one end of the house. The living-dining room and garage could be found at the other end. The master bedroom was located above the garage in the space created by the upward incline of the butterfly roof and was accessible by interior and exterior staircases. Outdoor spaces like the patio and play yard were defined by low, stone walls.
Breuer furnished the interior with modern furniture, including numerous pieces of his own design. The interior color scheme was based on the colors and textures of natural stone and wood with blue accent walls. Large crowds visited the house and expressed enthusiasm for the house and its contents, though some critics disliked the separation of children's and parents' spaces. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. purchased the house after the exhibition and moved it to the family estate in Pocantico Hills. Breuer built numerous other versions of the house for clients inspired by their visit to the museum garden. [The Marcel Breuer Archives, Syracuse University]
If the word legend has any meaning in the graphic arts and if the term legendary can be applied with accuracy to the career of any designer, it can certainly be applied to Paul Rand (1914-1996). By 1947, the legend was already firmly in place. By then Paul had completed his first career as a designer of media promotion at Esquire-Coronet --and as an outstanding cover designer for Apparel Arts and Directions. He was well along on a second career as an advertising designer at the William Weintraub agency which he had joined as art director at its founding. THOUGHTS ON DESIGN (with reproductions of almost one hundred of his designs and some of the best words yet written on graphic design) had just published -- an event that cemented his international reputation and identified him as a designer of influence from Zurich to Tokyo.
A chronology of Rand's design experience has paralleled the development of the modern design movement. Paul Rand’s first career in media promotion and cover design ran from 1937 to 1941, his second career in advertising design ran from 1941 to 1954, and his third career in corporate identification began in 1954. Paralleling these three careers there has been a consuming interest in design education and Paul Rand's fourth career as an educator started at Cooper Union in 1942. He taught at Pratt Institute in 1946 and in 1956 he accepted a post at Yale University's graduate school of design where he held the title of Professor of Graphic Design.
In 1937 Rand launched his first career at Esquire. Although he was only occasionally involved in the editorial layout of that magazine, he designed material on its behalf and turned out a spectacular series of covers for Apparel Arts, a quarterly published in conjunction with Esquire. In spite of a schedule that paid no heed to regular working hours or minimum wage scales, he managed in these crucial years to find time to design an impressive array of covers for other magazines, particularly Directions. From 1938 on his work was a regular feature of the exhibitions of the Art Directors Club.
Most contemporary designers are aware of Paul Rand's successful and compelling contributions to advertising design. What is not well known is the significant role he played in setting the pattern for future approaches to the advertising concept. Rand was probably the first of a long and distinguished line of art directors to work with and appreciate the unique talent of William Bernbach. Rand described his first meeting with Bernbach as "akin to Columbus discovering America," and went on to say, "This was my first encounter with a copywriter who understood visual ideas and who didn't come in with a yellow copy pad and a preconceived notion of what the layout should look like."
Rand spent fourteen years in advertising where he demonstrated the importance of the art director in advertising and helped break the isolation that once surrounded the art department. The final thought from THOUGHTS ON DESIGN is worth repeating: "Even if it is true that commonplace advertising and exhibitions of bad taste are indicative of the mental capacity of the man in the street, the opposing argument is equally valid. Bromidic advertising catering to that bad taste merely perpetuates that mediocrity and denies him one of the most easily accessible means of aesthetic development."
In 1954 when Paul Rand decided Madison Avenue was no longer a two-way street and he resigned from the Weintraub agency, he was cited as one of the ten best art directors by the Museum of Modern Art. The rest is design history.
László Moholy-Nagy, a pioneer typographer, photographer, and designer of the modern movement and a master at the Bauhaus in Weimar, may have come closest to defining the Rand style when he said Paul was "an idealist and a realist using the language of the poet and the businessman. He thinks in terms of need and function. He is able to analyze his problems, but his fantasy is boundless."